FLASHING AN LED USING PIC16F688

Description

we will begin with an experiment that flashes an LED on and off. While this looks very simple it is the best project to start because this makes sure that we successfully wrote the program, compiled it, loaded inside the PIC, and the circuit is correctly built on the breadboard.

we will connect an LED to one of the port pin of PIC16F688 and flash it continuously with 1 sec duration.

Required Theory

You must be familiarized with,

digital I/O ports (PORTA and PORTC) of PIC16F688
direction control registers, TRISA and TRISC
special function registers CMCON0 and ANSEL
If you are not then please read this first: Digital I/O Ports in PIC16F688.

Circuit Diagram

To our basic setup on the breadboard (read Getting Ready for the First tech), we will add a light-emitting-diode (LED) to port pin RC0 (10) with a current limiting resistor (470 Ohm) in series. The complete circuit diagram is shown below.

Software:

Open a new project window in mikroC and select Device Name as PIC16F688. Next assign 4.0 MHz to Device Clock. Go to next and provide the project name and the path of the folder. It is always a good practice to have a separate folder for each project. Create a folder named project 1 and save the project inside it with a name (say, FlashLED). The mikroC project file has .mccpi extension. The next window is for “Add File to Project “. Leave it blank (there are no files to add to this project) and click next. The next step is to include libraries, select Include All option. Next, click Finish button. You will see a program window with a void main() function already included. Now, go to Project -> Edit Project. You will see the following window.
This window allows you to program the configuration bits for the 14-bit CONFIG register inside the PIC16F688 microcontroller. The device configuration bits allow each user to customize certain aspects of the device (like reset and oscillator configurations) to the needs of the application. When the device powers up, the state of these bits determines the modes that the device uses. Therefore, we also need to program the configuration bits as per our experimental setup.
Select,

Oscillator -> Internal RC No Clock
Watchdog Timer -> Off
Power Up Timer -> On
Master Clear Enable -> Enabled
Code Protect -> Off
Data EE Read Protect -> Off
Brown Out Detect -> BOD Enabled, SBOREN Disabled
Internal External Switch Over Mode -> Enabled
Monitor Clock Fail-Safe -> Enabled

Note that we have turned ON the Power-Up Timer. It provides an additional delay of 72 ms to the start of the program execution so that the external power supply will get enough time to be stable. It avoids the need to reset the MCU manually at start up.

Appropriate configuration bit selection

Here’s the complete program that must be compiled and loaded into PIC16F688 for flashing the LED. Copy and paste this whole program in your main program window. You have to delete the void main() function first that was already included. To compile, hit the build button, and if there were no errors, the output HEX file will be generated in the same folder where the project file is. Then load the HEX file into the PIC16F688 microcontroller using your programmer.

// Define LED @ RC0
sbit LED at RC0_bit;
void main() {
ANSEL = 0; //All I/O pins are configured as digital
CMCON0 = 0x07 ; // Disbale comparators
TRISC = 0; // PORTC All Outputs
TRISA = 0b00001000; // PORTA All Outputs, Except RA3

do {
LED = 1;
Delay_ms(1000);
LED = 0;
Delay_ms(1000);
} while(1); // Infinite Loop
}

We used the in-built library function Delay_ms() to create the 1 sec delay for flashing On and Off. Delay_ms() returns a time delay in milliseconds.
Output